Which of the following is a general physiologic effect of electric muscle stimulation?

Electric muscle stimulation (EMS) is commonly used in various therapeutic and rehabilitation settings to produce several physiological effects. The correct response highlights the key general effects of EMS, which includes reducing edema, relaxing muscle spasms, and promoting the recruitment of muscle fibers.

Reducing edema involves the enhancement of local blood circulation via the activation of muscle contractions, promoting the removal of excess fluids and reducing swelling in the tissues. This is particularly beneficial in recovery from injuries, where swelling can impede healing.

Relaxation of muscle spasms is another significant effect, as EMS can stimulate contractions that help alleviate tension in the muscle fibers, providing relief from discomfort and improving overall range of motion.

Recruitment of muscle fibers refers to the ability of EMS to activate various muscle fibers during contraction, which can aid in strengthening muscles and improving their function over time. This is useful in rehabilitation scenarios where a patient may be unable to engage in traditional exercise due to pain or injury.

In contrast, while increased muscle density could theoretically occur due to exercises, it is not a direct general effect of EMS alone. Permanent muscle contraction is not achievable through EMS as the contractions are usually temporary and intended for therapeutic use. Enhanced joint flexibility is more typically associated with stretching and mobility exercises rather than direct muscle stimulation. Thus